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The exclamation mark, , also sometimes referred to as the exclamation point, especially in American English, is a punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), or to show emphasis. The exclamation mark often marks the end of a sentence, for example: "Watch out!" Similarly, a bare exclamation mark (with nothing before or after) is often established in warning signs. Other uses include: * In mathematics, it denotes the factorial operation. * Several computer languages use at the beginning of an expression to denote logical negation. For example, means "the logical negation of A", also called "not A". This usage has spread to ordinary language (e.g. "!clue" means no-clue or clueless). * Some languages use to denote a click consonant.

History

Graphically, the exclamation mark is represented by variations on the theme of a full stop point with a vertical line above. One theory of its origin posits derivation from a Latin exclamation of joy, namely , analogous to "hurray"; the modern graphical representation is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages; medieval copyists wrote the Latin word at the end of a sentence, to indicate expression of joy. Over time, the ''i'' moved above the ''o''; that ''o'' first became smaller, and (with time) a dot. The exclamation mark was first introduced into English printing in the 15th century to show emphasis, and was called the "sign of admiration or exclamation" or the "note of admiration" until the mid-17th century; "admiration" referred to that word's Latin-language sense, of wonderment. Many pre-computer age typewriters did not have the exclamation mark. Instead the user typed a full stop and then backspaced and overtyped an apostrophe. Such typewriters often lacked a '1' key as well (the user typed a lower-case 'L'). That is why the exclamation point is usually shift+1 as both were added at the same time.

Slang and other names for the exclamation mark

Now obsolete, the name ''ecphoneme'' was documented in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, secretarial dictation and typesetting manuals in America referred to the mark as "bang", perhaps from comic books where the ! appeared in dialogue balloons to represent a gun being fired, although the nickname probably emerged from letterpress printing. This bang usage is behind the names of the interrobang, an unconventional typographic character, and a shebang, a feature of Unix computer systems. In the printing world, the exclamation mark can be called a screamer, a gasper, a slammer, or a startler. In hacker culture, the exclamation mark is called "bang", "shriek", or, in the British slang known as Commonwealth Hackish, "pling". For example, the password communicated in the spoken phrase "Your password is em-nought-pee-aitch-pling-en-three" is `m0ph!n3`.

Languages

The exclamation mark is common to languages using the Latin alphabet, although usage varies slightly between languages. It has also been adopted in languages written in other scripts, such as languages written with Cyrillic or Arabic scripts, Chinese characters, and Devanagari.

English

A sentence ending in an exclamation mark may represent an exclamation or an interjection (such as "Wow!", "Boo!"), or an imperative ("Stop!"), or may indicate astonishment or surprise: "They were the footprints of a gigantic hound!" Exclamation marks are occasionally placed mid-sentence with a function similar to a comma, for dramatic effect, although this usage is obsolete: "On the walk, oh! there was a frightful noise." Informally, exclamation marks may be repeated for additional emphasis ("That's great!!!"), but this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal prose. The exclamation mark is sometimes used in conjunction with the question mark. This can be in protest or astonishment ("Out of all places, the squatter-camp?!"); a few writers replace this with a single, nonstandard punctuation mark, the interrobang, which is the combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark. Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is generally considered poor writing, for it distracts the reader and devalues the mark's significance. Some authors, most notably Tom Wolfe and Madison Acampora, are known for unashamedly liberal use of the exclamation mark. In comic books, the very frequent use of exclamation mark is common—see Comics, below. For information on the use of spaces after an exclamation mark, see the discussion of spacing after a full stop. Several studies have shown that women use exclamation marks more than men do. One study suggests that, in addition to other uses, exclamation marks may also function as markers of friendly interaction, for example, by making "Hi!" or "Good luck!" seem friendlier than simply "Hi." or "Good luck." (with periods). However, use of exclamation marks in contexts that are not unambiguously positive can be misinterpreted as indicating hostility. In English writing and often subtitles, a (!) symbol (an exclamation mark within parentheses) implies that a character has made an obviously sarcastic comment e.g.: "''Ooh, a sarcasm detector. That's a'' really useful'' invention(!)''" It also is used to indicate surprise at one's own experience or statement.

French

In French, next to marking exclamations or indicating astonishment, the exclamation mark is also commonly used to mark orders or requests: (English: 'Come here!'). A space () is used between the last word and the exclamation mark in European French, but not in Canadian French. One can also combine an exclamation mark with a question mark at the end of a sentence where appropriate.

German

German uses the exclamation mark for several things that English conveys with other punctuation: * It is used at the end of imperative sentences even when not particularly emphatic: ('Call me tomorrow.') A normal full stop, as in English, is fairly common but is considered substandard. * A related use is on signs that express a command or interdiction: (English: 'No trespassing!'). * The exclamation mark may also be used in the salutation line of a letter: (English: 'Dear Hans,'). However, the use of a comma is equally correct and is more common.

Cantonese

Cantonese has not historically used dedicated punctuation marks, rather relying on grammatical markers to denote the end of a statement. Usage of exclamation marks is common in written Mandarin and in some Yue speaking regions. The Canton and Hong Kong regions, however, generally refused to accept the exclamation mark as it was seen as carrying with it unnecessary and confusing Western connotations; however, an exclamation mark, including in some written representations of colloquy in Cantonese, can be used informally to indicate strong feeling. For example, to represent a response of someone surprised by a gift, one could write: "" (, "thanks!").

Greek

In Modern Greek, the exclamation mark (, ) has been introduced from Latin scripts and is used identically, although without the reluctance seen in English usage.Nicolas, Nick.
Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation
. 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.
A minor grammatical difference is that, while a series of interjections each employ an exclamation mark (e.g., , , 'Oops! Oh!'), an interjection should only be separated from an extended exclamation by a comma (e.g., , , 'Oops! I left the stove on.').

Hungarian

In Hungarian, an exclamation mark is put at the end of exclamations, imperative or prohibitive sentences, and sentences expressing a wish (e.g. - 'How beautiful!', - 'Keep off the grass', - 'If only my plan had worked out.'). The use of the exclamation mark is also needed when addressing someone and the addressing is a separate sentence. (typically at the beginning of letters, e.g. - 'Dear Peter,'). Greetings are also typically terminated with an exclamation mark (e.g. - 'Good evening.').

Spanish

In Spanish, a sentence or clause ending in an exclamation mark must also begin with an inverted exclamation mark (the same also applies to the question mark): , 'Are you crazy? You almost killed her!' As in British English, a bracketed exclamation mark may be used to indicate irony or surprise at a statement: , 'He said that he's not going to a party tonight(!).' Such use is not matched by an inverted opening exclamation mark.

Turkish

In Turkish, an exclamation mark is used after a sentence or phrase for emphasis, and is common following both commands and the addressees of such commands. For example, in the ('Armies! Your first target is the Mediterranean') order by Atatürk, ('the armies') constitute the addressee. It is further used in parentheses, , after a sentence or phrase to indicate irony or sarcasm: , 'You've done a very good job – Not!'.

Limbu

In Limbu, an exclamation mark is used after a Limbu sentence or phrase for emphasis, and is common following both commands and the addressees of such commands. For example, in the Limbu sentence ''ᤐᤚᤢ᥄ ᤄᤨᤘᤑ ᤂᤥᤆᤌᤙ Mediterranean, ᤚᤦᤛᤅ᥄'' — ''Paṡu! Ghōwapha khōcathaśa Mediterranean, ṡausaṅa!'' (Armies! Your first target is the Mediterranean!). It is further used in parentheses, (᥄), after a sentence or phrase to indicate irony or sarcasm: ''ᤖᤥᤂᤌ ᤔᤚᤗ ᤐᤤ ᤊᤇ ᤃᤦᤄ (᥄)'' — ''Rōkhatha maṡala pai yancha gaugha (!)'' (You did a very good job — Not!).

Phonetics

In Khoisan languages, and the International Phonetic Alphabet, the exclamation mark is used as a letter to indicate the postalveolar click sound (represented as ''q'' in Zulu orthography). In Unicode, this letter is properly coded as and distinguished from the common punctuation symbol to allow software to deal properly with word breaks. The exclamation mark has sometimes been used as a phonetic symbol to indicate that a consonant is ejective. More commonly this is represented by an apostrophe, or a superscript glottal stop symbol ().

Proper names

Although not part of dictionary words, exclamation marks appear in some brand names and trade names, including Yum! Brands (parent of fast food chains like Taco Bell and KFC) and Web services Yahoo! and Joomla!. It appears in the titles of stage and screen works, especially comedies and musicals; examples include the game show ''Jeopardy!''; the '60s musical TV show ''Shindig!''; musicals ''Oklahoma!'', ''Oliver!'' and ''Oh! Calcutta!''; and movies ''Airplane!'' and ''Moulin Rouge!''. Writer Elliot S! Maggin and cartoonist Scott Shaw! include exclamation marks in their names. In the 2016 United States presidential campaign, Republican candidate Jeb Bush used "Jeb!" as his campaign logo.

Place names

The English town of Westward Ho!, named after the novel by Charles Kingsley, is the only place name in the United Kingdom that officially contains an exclamation mark. There is a town in Quebec called Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, which is spelled with two exclamation marks. The city of Hamilton, Ohio, changed its name to Hamilton! in 1986, but neither the United States Board on Geographic Names nor mapmakers Rand McNally recognised the change. The city of Ostrava, Czech Republic, changed its logotype to Ostrava!!! in 2008.

Warnings

Exclamation marks are used to emphasize a precautionary statement. On warning signs, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. These signs are common in hazardous environments or on potentially dangerous equipment. A common type of this warning is a yellow triangle with a black exclamation mark, but a white triangle with a red border is common on European road warning signs.

Use in various fields

Mathematics and formal logic

In elementary mathematics, the symbol represents the factorial operation. The expression ! means "the product of the integers from 1 to ". For example, 4! (read ''four factorial'') is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. (0! is defined as 1, which is a neutral element in multiplication, not multiplied by anything.) Additionally, it can also represent the uniqueness quantifier or, if used in front of a number, it can represent a subfactorial. In linear logic, the exclamation mark denotes one of the modalities that control weakening and contraction.

Computing

In computing, the exclamation mark is ASCII character 33 (21 in hexadecimal). Due to its availability on even early computers, the character was used for many purposes. The name given to "!" by programmers varies according to their background, though it was very common to give it a short name to make reading code aloud easier. "Bang" is very popular. In the UK the term pling was popular in the earlier days of computing, whilst in the United States, the term shriek was used. It is claimed that these word usages were invented in the US and ''shriek'' is from Stanford or MIT; however, ''shriek'' for the ! sign is found in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dating from the 1860s. Many computer languages using C-style syntax use "!" for logical negation; means "not A", and means "A is not equal to B". This negation principle has spread to ordinary language; for example, the word "!clue" is used as a synonym for "no-clue" or "clueless". The symbol in formal logic for negation is but, as this symbol is not present as standard on some keyboards, the C convention has spread informally to other contexts. Early e-mail systems also used the exclamation mark as a separator character between hostnames for routing information, usually referred to as "bang path" notation. In the IRC protocol, a user's nickname and ident are separated by an exclamation mark in the hostmask assigned to him or her by the server. In UNIX scripting (typically for UNIX shell or Perl), "!" is usually used after a "#" in the first line of a script, the interpreter directive, to tell the OS what program to use to run the script. is usually called a "hash-bang" or shebang. A similar convention for PostScript files calls for the first line to begin with , called "percent-bang". An exclamation mark starts history expansions in many Unix shells such as bash and tcsh where executes the previous command and refers to all of the arguments from the previous command. Acorn RISC OS uses filenames starting with pling to create an application directory: for instance a file called `!Run` is executed when the folder containing it is double-clicked (holding down shift prevents this). There is also `!Boot` (executed the first time the application containing it comes into view of the filer), `!Sprites` (icons), `!Help`, and others. In APL, is used for factorial of x (backwards from math notation), and also for the binomial coefficient: means $\tbinom nk$ or . BBC BASIC used pling as an indirection operator, equivalent to PEEK and POKE of four bytes at once. BCPL, the precursor of C, used "!" for pointer and array indirection: is equivalent to in C, and is equivalent to in C. In the Haskell programming language, "!" is used to express strictness. In the ML programming language (including Standard ML and OCaml), "!" is the operator to get the value out of a "reference" data structure. In the Raku programming language, the "!" twigil is used to access private attributes or methods in a class (like `class Person ` or `self!private-method;`). In the Scheme, Julia, and Ruby programming languages, "!" is conventionally the suffix for functions and special forms that mutate their input. In the Swift programming language, a type followed by "!" denotes an "implicitly unwrapped optional", an option type where the compiler does not enforce safe unwrapping. The "!" operator "force unwraps" an option type, causing an error if it is nil. In Geek Code version 3, "!" is used before a letter to denote that the geek refuses to participate in the topic at hand. In some cases, it has an alternate meaning, such as ''G!'' denoting a geek of no qualifications, ''!d'' denoting not wearing any clothes, ''P!'' denoting not being allowed to use Perl, and so on. They all share some negative connotations, however.

Video games

The exclamation mark can be used in video games to signify that a character is startled or alarmed. In the ''Metal Gear'' and ''Paper Mario'' series, an exclamation mark appears over enemies' heads when they notice the player. In massively multiplayer online (MMO) games such as ''World of Warcraft'', an exclamation mark hovering over a character's head indicates that they are offering a quest for the player to complete. In Dota 2, an exclamation mark is shown above the head of a unit if it is killed by means not granting enemies experience or gold (if it is "denied"). In the 2005 arcade dance simulation game ''In the Groove 2'', there is a song titled "!" (also referred to as "bang") by the artist Onyx.

Internet culture

In recent Internet culture, especially where leet is used, multiple exclamation marks may be affixed with the numeral "1" as in ''!!!!!!111''. The notation originates from a common error: when typing multiple exclamation points quickly, the typist may fail to hold the combination that produces the exclamation mark on many keyboard layouts. This error, first used intentionally as a joke in the leet linguistic community, is now an accepted form of exclamation in leet and derivative dialects such as Lolspeak. Some utterances include further substitutions, for example "!!!111oneeleven". In fandom and fanfiction, ! is used to signify a defining quality in a character, usually signifying an alternative interpretation of a character from a canonical work. Examples of this would be "Romantic!Draco" or "Vampire!Harry" from Harry Potter fandom. It is also used to clarify the current persona of a character with multiple identities or appearances, such as to distinguish "Armor!Al" from "Human!Al" in a work based on Fullmetal Alchemist. The origin of this usage is unknown, although it is hypothesized to have originated with certain Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures, for example, "Football Player! Leonardo", "Rockstar! Raphael", and "Breakdancer! Michelangelo".

Comics

Some comic books, especially superhero comics of the mid-20th century, routinely use the exclamation point instead of the period, which means the character has just realized something; unlike when the question mark appears instead, which means the character is confused, surprised or they do not know what is happening. This tends to lead to exaggerated speech, in line with the other hyperboles common in comic books. A portion of the motivation, however, was simply that a period might disappear in the printing process used at the time, whereas an exclamation point would likely remain recognizable even if there was a printing glitch. For a short period Stan Lee, as Editor-in-Chief of Marvel Comics, attempted to curb their overuse by a short-lived ban on exclamation points altogether, which led to an inadvertent lack of ending punctuation on many sentences. Comic book writer Elliot S! Maggin once accidentally signed his name with an exclamation due to the habit of using them when writing comic scripts; it became his professional name from then on. Similarly, comic artist Scott Shaw! has used the exclamation point after his name throughout his career. In comic books and comics in general, a large exclamation point is often used near or over a character's head to indicate surprise. A question mark can similarly be used to indicate confusion.

Chess

In chess notation "!" denotes a good move, "!!" denotes an excellent move, "?!" denotes a dubious move, and "!?" denotes an interesting, risky move. In some chess variants such as large-board Shogi variants, "!" is used to record pieces capturing by stationary feeding or burning.

''Scrabble''

In ''Scrabble'', an exclamation mark written after a word is used to indicate its presence in the Official Tournament and Club Word List but its absence from the ''Official Scrabble Players Dictionary'', usually because the word has been judged offensive.

Baseball

Exclamation points or asterisks can be used on scorecards to denote a "great defensive play".

Popular music

The band !!! (pronounced "Chk Chk Chk") uses exclamation points as its name.Seabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007)
"The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths' "
(Audio: Flash or MP3). ''All Things Considered''. NPR. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
In 2008, the pop-punk band Panic! at the Disco dropped the exclamation point in its name; this became the "most-discussed topic on anmessage boards around the world". In 2009, the exclamation mark was re-inserted following the band's split. The band Bomb the Music Industry! utilizes an exclamation mark in its name, as well as several album and song titles and promotional material. Examples include their songs "(Shut) Up The Punx!!!" and the album ''Adults!!!: Smart!!! Shithammered!!! And Excited by Nothing!!!!!!!''. American musician Pink stylizes her stage name "P!NK", and uses three exclamation points in the subtitle of her 2010 release, ''Greatest Hits... So Far!!!.

Television

The exclamation mark was included in the title of Dinah Shore's TV series, ''Dinah!'' The exclamation mark was later the subject of a bitter argument between Elaine Benes and her boyfriend, Jake Jarmel, in the ''Seinfeld'' episode, "The Sniffing Accountant". Elaine got upset with Jake for not putting an exclamation mark at the end of a message about her friend having a baby. Jake took extreme exception to the trivial criticism and broke up with Elaine, putting an exclamation mark after his parting words: "I'm leaving!"

Theatre

In musicals, an exclamation mark is usually used when the title of the show has the same title of a song within the act. Examples of this are shows like ''Oklahoma!'' and ''Mamma Mia!''.

Unicode and HTML

* (HTML `&#33;`, `&excl;`) Related forms are encoded: * * (In IPA: alveolar click) * (for use in vertical text) * * (for use in vertical text) * (for use in vertical text) * (exclamation mark in triangle) * (in Unicode lingo, "white" means hollow) * * * * * * * (for special applications within CJK text) * (for special applications within CJK text) * Some scripts have their own exclamation mark: * * * *

* Full stop * Inverted question and exclamation marks * Punctuation * Terminal punctuation

Notes

References