Identity

The Permanent Representative (ambassador) of the state to the security council is usually the president of the council,^[11] but the presidency is technically given to a state and not a person.^[15] For example, in January 2000, a month in which the United States held the presidency of the Security Council,^[19] U.S. vice president Al Gore headed the United States delegation to the United Nations for a few days. As a result, Gore was the president of the Security Council during this time.^[20] Heads of state have met six times at the UNSC.^[21] All members of the council, including the president, must present credentials issued by either the head of state, the head of government, or the minister of foreign affairs of their respective states to the secretary-general, except if the representative is also the head of government or minister of

The president represents the Security Council before other United Nations organs and member states. They also call upon members to speak, send applicants for United Nations membership to a committee of the UNSC and decide voting order.^[11] Particularly after the end of the Cold War, the president has worked to coordinate the UNSC with other organs.^[12] The president has authority to rule upon points of order, which can be put to a vote if a member of the council challenges it.^[10] They also name members of various subsidiary organs, and are generally responsible for maintaining order.^[13] Since November 2000, the president has generally prepared background papers for on the topic being discussed.^[14]

The president also continues to represent their state. If their nation is involved in a conflict the UNSC is discussing, they are expected to temporarily step down.^[13] Conversely, because the presidency rotates monthly, all nations on the UNSC can evenly emphasize issues important to them.^[15] Most non-permanent states hold the presidency once or twice during their two-year terms; Burkina Faso changed its name from Upper Volta in August 1984 during its term, and held it three times.^[16] The president often makes a distinction between when they are speaking as the president and as the representative of their state.^[17]

Davidson Nicol, an academic, writes that:

Although the role of the President should not be exaggerated, the work of the Council, its reputation and that of the United Nations are very much affected by the calibre and style of the individual who presides over the organ having responsibility for international peace and security. . . The Security Council is the pivot of the United Nations in efforts to maintain and enhance international peace and security. The major function of its President should be to guide it effectively and expeditiously toward this noble goal. ^[18]

Identity

The United Nations Charter mentions the presidency once,^[23] stating that the Security Council is empowered to establish rules of procedure, "including the method of selecting its president" in Article 30.^[24] At its first meeting on 17 January 1946, the UNSC adopted provisional rule 18 and established the following method of selecting the president: the presidency rotates monthly among the fifteen members of the Security Council. The rotation takes place in alphabetical order of the member states' official names in English.^[a] As such, Australia was the first nation to hold the presidency.^[25][26][11] Such rotation makes the presidency unique among all United Nations organs.^[15] Terms began and ended on the 17 of every month until a suggestion by Australia in December 1946 to change led to the term being extended so the presidency would rotate on the first of every month. The president is the only non-elected head of a United Nations organ.^[25][27]

FunctionIn 1981, Sydney D. Bailey, an observer of the United Nations, divided the history of the UNSC into three eras; from 1946 to 1955, 1956–1965, and 1966 to 1981. In the first, presidents often acted on their own initiative without consulting the security council. During the second era, the security council was less involved in affairs relating to the Cold War, adopting the slogan "Leave it to Dag [Hammarskjöld]". From 1966 to 1981, the president began informally discussing matters before holding formal sessions and generally becoming more efficient.^[28]

Early function

Presidents from 1960 to 1964:^[39]

Dates	State	Name
January 1960	Presidents from 1960 to 1964:[39] Dates State Name January 1960  Soviet Union Arkady Sobolev February 1960  United Kingdom Pierson Dixon March 1960  United States Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. April 1960  Argentina Mario Amadeo May 1960  Sri Lanka Claude Corea June 1960  Republic of China Tsiang Tingfu July 1960  Ecuador José A. Correa August 1960  France Armand Bérard September 1960  Italy Egidio Ortona October 1960  Poland Bohdan Lewandowski November 1960  Tunisia Mongi Slim December 1960  Soviet Union Valerian Zorin January 1961  United Arab Republic Omar Loutfi February 1961  United Kingdom Patrick Dean March 1961  United States Adlai E. Stevenson April 1961  Sri Lanka T. B. Subasinghe May 1961  Chile Daniel Schweitzer June 1961  Republic of China Tsiang Tingfu and Y. C. Hsueh July 1961  Ecuador Leopoldo Benites August 1961  France Armand Bérard September 1961  Liberia Nathan Barnes October 1961  Turkey Turgut Menemencioglu November 1961  Soviet Union Valerian Zorin December 1961  United Arab Republic Omar Loutfi January 1962  United Kingdom Patrick Dean February 1962  United States Adlai E. Stevenson and Francis T. P. Plimpton March 1962  Venezuela Carlos Sosa-Rodriguez April 1962  Chile Daniel Schweitzer May 1962  Republic of China Tsiang Tingfu June 1962  France Armand Bérard July 1962  Ghana Alex Quaison-Sackey August 1962  Ireland Frederick Boland September 1962  Romania Mihail Haseganu October 1962  Soviet Union Platon Morozov and Valerian Zorin November 1962  United Arab Republic Mahmoud Riad December 1962  United Kingdom Patrick Dean January 1963  United States Adlai E. Stevenson February 1963  Venezuela Carlos Sosa-Rodriguez March 1963  Brazil Geraldo de Carvalho Silos April 1963  Republic of China Liu Chieh May 1963  France Roger Seydoux June 1963  Ghana Alex Quaison-Sackey July 1963  Morocco Ahmed Taibi Benhima August 1963  Norway Sievert A. Nielsen September 1963  Philippines Jacinto Castel Borja October 1963  Soviet Union Nikolai Fedorenko November 1963  United Kingdom Patrick Dean December 1963  United States Adlai E. Stevenson, Charles Yost, and Francis T. P. Plimpton January 1964  Bolivia Renan Castrillo Justiniano February 1964  Brazil Carlos A. Bernardes March 1964  Republic of China Liu Chieh April 1964  Czechoslovakia Jiří Hájek May 1964  France Roger Seydoux June 1964  Ivory Coast Arsene A. Usher July 1964  Morocco Ahmed Taibi Benhima August 1964  Norway Sievert A. Nielsen September 1964  Soviet Union Platon D. Morozov October 1964  United Kingdom Patrick Dean November 1964  United States Adlai E. Stevenson December 1964  Bolivia Fernando Ortiz Sanz 1965–1969 Presidents from 1965 to 1969:[39] Dates State Name January 1965 [39] Dates State Name January 1965  Republic of China Liu Chieh February 1965  France Roger Seydoux March 1965  Ivory Coast Arsene Usher April 1965  Jordan Abdul Monem Rifa'i May 1965  Malaysia Radhakrishna Ramani June 1965  Netherlands J. G. de Beus July 1965  Soviet Union Platon Morozov August 1965  United Kingdom Roger Jackling September 1965  United States Arthur Goldberg October 1965  Uruguay Hector Payssé Reyes November 1965  Bolivia Fernando Ortiz Sanz December 1965  Republic of China Liu Chieh January 1966  France Roger Seydoux February 1966  Japan Akira Matsui March 1966  Jordan Muhammed El-Farra April 1966  Mali Moussa Leo Keita May 1966  Netherlands J. G. de Beus June 1966  New Zealand Frank Corner July 1966  Nigeria Simeon Adebo August 1966  Uganda Apollo Kironde September 1966  Soviet Union Nikolai Fedorenko October 1966  United Kingdom Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon and Roger Jackling November 1966  United States Arthur Goldberg December 1966  Uruguay Pedro P. Berro January 1967  Argentina Raúl Alberto Quijano February 1967  Brazil José Sette Câmara March 1967  Bulgaria Milko Tarabanov April 1967  Canada George Ignatieff May 1967  Republic of China Liu Chieh June 1967  Denmark Hans Tabor July 1967  Ethiopia Endelkachew Makonnen August 1967  France Roger Seydoux September 1967  India Gopalaswami Parthasarathi October 1967  Japan Senjin Tsuruoka November 1967  Mali Mamadou Boubacar Kante December 1967  Nigeria Simeon Adebo January 1968  Pakistan Agha Shahi February 1968  Paraguay Miguel Solano Lopez March 1968  Senegal Ousmane Socé April 1968  Soviet Union Yakov Malik May 1968  United Kingdom Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon June 1968  United States Arthur Goldberg July 1968  Algeria Tewfik Bouattoura August 1968  Brazil João Augusto de Araújo Castro September 1968  Canada George Ignatieff October 1968  Republic of China Liu Chieh November 1968  Denmark Otto L. Borch December 1968  Ethiopia Endelkachew Makonnen January 1969  Finland Max Jakobson February 1969  France Armand Bérard March 1969  Hungary Károly Csatorday April 1969    Nepal Padma Bahadur Khatri May 1969  Pakistan Agha Shahi June 1969  Paraguay Miguel Solano Lopez July 1969  Senegal Ibrahima Boye August 1969  Spain Jaime de Piniés September 1969  Soviet Union Yakov Malik October 1969  United Kingdom Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon November 1969  United States Charles Yost December 1969  Zambia Vernon Mwaanga 1970–1974 Presidents from 1970 to 1974:[40] Dates State Name January 1970 [40] < Presidents from 1975 to 1979:[40] Dates State Name January 1970  Burundi Terence Nsanze February 1970  Republic of China Liu Chieh March 1970  Colombia Joaquín Vallejo Arbeláez April 1970  Finland Max Jakobson May 1970  France Jacques Kosciusco-Morizet June 1970    Nepal Padma Bahadur Khatri July 1970  Nicaragua Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa August 1970  Poland Eugeniusz Kulaga September 1970  Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol October 1970  Spain Jaime de Piniés November 1970 Syria George Tomeh December 1970  Soviet Union Yakov Malik January 1971  United Kingdom Colin Crowe February 1971  United States Charles Woodruff Yost March 1971  Argentina Carlos Ortiz de Rozas April 1971  Belgium Edouard Longerstaey May 1971  Burundi Terence Nsanze June 1971  Republic of China Liu Chieh July 1971  France Jacques Kosciusco-Morizet August 1971  Italy Piero Vinci September 1971  Japan Toru Nakagawa October 1971  Nicaragua Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa November 1971  Poland Eugeniusz Kulaga December 1971  Sierra Leone Ismail Byne Taylor-Kamara January 1972  Somalia Abdulrahim Abby Farah and Umar Arteh Ghalib February 1972  Sudan Mansour Khalid, Rahmatalla Abdalla, and Mohammed Fakhreddine March 1972  Soviet Union Yakov Malik April 1972  United Kingdom Colin Crowe May 1972  United States George H. W. Bush June 1972  Yugoslavia Lazar Mojsov July 1972  Argentina Carlos Ortiz de Rozas August 1972  Belgium Edouard Longerstaey September 1972  People's Republic of China Huang Hua October 1972  France Louis de Guiringaud November 1972  Guinea Jeanne-Martin Cissé December 1972  India Samar Sen January 1973  Indonesia Chaidir Anwar Sani February 1973  Kenya Joseph Odero-Jowi March 1973  Panama Aquilino Boyd, Omar Torrijos, and Juan Antonio Tack April 1973  Peru Javier Pérez de Cuéllar May 1973  Sudan Ramatalla Abdulla June 1973  Soviet Union Yakov Malik July 1973  United Kingdom Kenneth Jamieson and Colin Crowe August 1973  United States John A. Scali September 1973  Yugoslavia Lazar Mojsov October 1973  Australia Laurence McIntyre November 1973  Austria Peter Jankowitsch December 1973  People's Republic of China Huang Hua January 1974  Costa Rica Gonzalo J. Facio February 1974  France Louis de Guiringaud March 1974  Indonesia Chaidir Anwar Sani April 1974  Iraq Talib Shabib May 1974  Kenya Charles Gatere Maina June 1974  Mauritania Moulaye El Hassen July 1974  Peru Javier Pérez de Cuéllar August 1974  Soviet Union Yakov Malik September 1974  United Kingdom Ivor Richard October 1974  United Republic of Cameroon Michel Njine November 1974  United States John A. Scali Dates State Name January 1975 Byelorussian SSR Guerodot G. Tchernouchtchenko February 1975  People's Republic of China Huang Hua March 1975  Costa Rica Gonzalo J. Facio and Fernando Salazar April 1975  France Louis de Guiringaud May 1975  Guyana Shridath Ramphal June 1975  Iraq Abdul Karim Al-Shaikhly July 1975  Italy Eugenio Plaja August 1975  Japan Shizuo Saito September 1975  Mauritania Moulaye El Hassen October 1975  Sweden Olof Rydbeck November 1975  Soviet Union Yakov Malik 1–15, 17–31 December 1975  United Kingdom Ivor Richard 16 December 1975  United Republic of Cameroon Ferdinand Oyono January 1976  United Republic of Tanzania Salim Ahmed Salim February 1976  United States Daniel Patrick Moynihan March 1976  Benin Thomas S. Boya April 1976  People's Republic of China Huang Hua May 1976  France Louis de Guiringaud June 1976  Guyana Rashleigh E. Jackson and Frederick R. Wills July 1976  Italy Piero Vinci August 1976  Japan Isao Abe September 1976 Libya Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia October 1976  Pakistan Iqbal A. Akhund November 1976  Panama Jorge Illueca December 1976  Romania Ion Datcu January 1977  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky February 1977  United Kingdom James Murray March 1977  United States Andrew Young April 1977  Venezuela Simón Alberto Consalvi May 1977  Benin Thomas S. Boya June 1977  Canada William Hickson Barton July 1977  People's Republic of China Chen Chu August 1977  France Jacques Leprette September 1977  Federal Republic of Germany Rüdiger von Wechmar October 1977  India Rikhi Jaipal November 1977  Libya Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia December 1977  Mauritius Radha Krishna Ramphul and Harold E. Walter January 1978  Nigeria Joseph Nanven Garba and Leslie O. Harriman February 1978  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky March 1978  United Kingdom Ivor Richard April 1978  United States Andrew Young May 1978  Venezuela Ruben Carpio Castillo June 1978  Bolivia Mario Rolon Anaya July 1978  Canada William Hickson Barton August 1978  People's Republic of China Chen Chu September 1978  Czechoslovakia Ilya Hulinsky October 1978  France Jacques Leprette November 1978  Gabon Léon N'Dong December 1978  Federal Republic of Germany Rüdiger von Wechmar January 1979  Jamaica Donald O. Mills February 1979  Kuwait Abdalla Y. Bishara March 1979  Nigeria Leslie O. Harriman April 1979  Norway Ole Ålgård May 1979  Portugal Vasco Futscher Pereira June 1979  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky July 1979  United Kingdom Ivor Richard August 1979  United States Andrew Young September 1979  Zambia Paul J. F. Lusaka October 1979  Bangladesh Khwaja Mohammed Presidents from 1980 to 1984:[41] Dates State Name January 1980  France Jacques Leprette February 1980  German Democratic Republic Peter Florin March 1980  Jamaica Donald O. Mills April 1980  Mexico Porfirio Muñoz Ledo May 1980  Niger Ide Oumarou June 1980  Norway Ole Ålgård July 1980  Philippines Carlos P. Romulo August 1980  Portugal Vasco Futscher Pereira September 1980  Tunisia Taieb Slim October 1980  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky November 1980  United Kingdom Anthony Parsons December 1980  United States Donald McHenry January 1981  People's Republic of China Ling Qing February 1981  France Jacques Leprette March 1981  German Democratic Republic Peter Florin April 1981  Ireland Noel Dorr May 1981  Japan Masahiro Nisibori June 1981  Mexico Porfirio Muñoz Ledo July 1981  Niger Ide Oumarou August 1981  Panama Jorge Illueca September 1981  Philippines Carlos P. Romulo October 1981  Spain Jaime de Piniés November 1981  Tunisia Taieb Slim December 1981  Uganda Olara Otunnu January 1982  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky February 1982  United Kingdom Anthony Parsons March 1982  United States Jeane Kirkpatrick April 1982  Zaire Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda May 1982  People's Republic of China Ling Qing June 1982  France Luc de la Barre de Nanteuil July 1982  Guyana Noel G. Sinclair August 1982  Ireland Noel Dorr September 1982  Japan Masahiro Nisibori October 1982  Jordan Hazem Nuseibeh November 1982  Panama Carlos Ozores Typaldos December 1982  Poland Wlodzimierz Natorf January 1983  Togo Atsu-Koffi Amega February 1983  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky March 1983  United Kingdom John Adam Thomson April 1983  United States Jeane Kirkpatrick May 1983  Zaire Umba di Lutete and Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda June 1983  Zimbabwe Elleck Mashingaidze July 1983  People's Republic of China Ling Qing August 1983  France Luc de la Barre de Nanteuil September 1983  Guyana Noel G. Sinclair October 1983  Jordan Abdullah Salah November 1983  Malta Victor J. Gauci December 1983  Netherlands Max van der Stoel January 1984  Nicaragua Francisco Javier Chamorro Mora February 1984  Pakistan S. Shah Nawaz March 1984  Peru Javier Arias Stella April 1984 Ukrainian SSR Volodymyr O. Kravets May 1984  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky June 1984  United Kingdom John Adam Thomson July 1984  United States Jeane Kirkpatrick August 1984  Upper Volta Leandre Bassole September 1984  Zimbabwe Elleck Mashingaidze October 1984  Burkina Faso Basile Laerte Guissou and Leandre Bassole November 1984  People's Republic of China Ling Qing December 1984  Egypt Ahmed Tawfik Khalil 1985–1989 Presidents from 1985 to 1989:[41] Dates State Name January 1985  France Claude de Kemoularia February 1985  India Natarajan Krishnan March 1985  Madagascar Blaise Rabetafika April 1985  Peru Javier Arias Stella May 1985 [41] Dates State Name January 1985  France Claude de Kemoularia February 1985  India Natarajan Krishnan March 1985  Madagascar Blaise Rabetafika April 1985  Peru Javier Arias Stella May 1985  Thailand Birabhongse Kasemsri and Siddhi Savetsila June 1985  Trinidad and Tobago Errol Mahabir and D. H. N. Alleyne July 1985 Ukrainian SSR Hennadiy Udovenko August 1985  Soviet Union Oleg Troyanovsky September 1985  United Kingdom John Adam Thomson and Geoffrey Howe October 1985  United States Herbert S. Okun and Vernon A. Walters November 1985  Australia Richard Woolcott December 1985  Burkina Faso Leandre Bassole January 1986  People's Republic of China Luye Li February 1986 People's Republic of the Congo Martin Adouki March 1986  Denmark Ole Bierring April 1986  France Claude de Kemoularia May 1986  Ghana James Victor Gbeho June 1986  Madagascar Blaise Rabetafika July 1986  Thailand Birabhongse Kasemsri August 1986  Trinidad and Tobago D. H. N. Alleyne September 1986  Soviet Union Alexander Belonogov October 1986  United Arab Emirates Mohammed Hussein Al Shaali November 1986  United Kingdom John Adam Thomson December 1986  United States Vernon A. Walters January 1987  Venezuela Andres Aguilar February 1987  Zambia Peter D. Zuze March 1987  Argentina Marcelo Delpech April 1987  Bulgaria Boris Tsvetkov May 1987  People's Republic of China Jiahua Huang June 1987 People's Republic of the Congo Martin Adouki July 1987  France Jean-Bernard Raimond and Pierre-Louis Blanc August 1987  Federal Republic of Germany Hans Werner Lautenschlager September 1987  Ghana James Victor Gbeho October 1987  Italy Maurizio Bucci November 1987  Japan Kiyoaki Kikuchi December 1987  Soviet Union Alexander Belonogov January 1988  United Kingdom Crispin Tickell February 1988  United States Herbert S. Okun and Vernon A. Walters March 1988  Yugoslavia Dragoslav Pejic April 1988  Zambia Peter D. Zuze May 1988  Algeria Hocine Djoudi June 1988  Argentina Marcelo Delpech July 1988  Brazil Paulo Nogueira Batista August 1988  People's Republic of China Li Luye September 1988  France Pierre-Louis Blanc October 1988  Federal Republic of Germany Alexander Graf York von Wartenburg November 1988  Italy Mario Scialoja and Mr. G. Migliuolo December 1988  Japan Mr. H. Kagami January 1989  Malaysia Razali Ismail February 1989    Nepal J. P. Rana March 1989  Senegal A. C. Diallo April 1989  Soviet Union Alexander Belonogov May 1989  United Kingdom Crispin Tickell June 1989  United States Thomas R. Pickering July 1989  Yugoslavia Dragoslav Pejic August 1989  Algeria Hocine Djoudi September 1989  Brazil [42] Dates State Name January 1990  Côte d'Ivoire Amara Essy February 1990  Cuba Ricardo Alarcón March 1990 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal April 1990  Ethiopia Tesfaye Tadessa May 1990  Finland Klaus Törnudd June 1990  France Pierre-Louis Blanc July 1990  Malaysia Razali Ismail August 1990  Romania Aurel-Dragos Munteanu September 1990  Soviet Union Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov and Eduard Shevardnadze October 1990  United Kingdom David Hannay November 1990  United States Thomas R. Pickering and James Baker December 1990  Yemen Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal January 1991  Zaire Bagbeni Adeito Nzengeya February 1991  Zimbabwe Simbarashe Mumbengegwi March 1991  Austria Peter Hohenfellner April 1991  Belgium Paul Noterdaeme May 1991  People's Republic of China Li Daoyu June 1991  Côte d'Ivoire Jean-Jacques Bechio July 1991  Cuba Ricardo Alarcón August 1991  Ecuador José Ayala Lasso September 1991  France Jean-Bernard Mérimée and Roland Dumas October 1991  India Chinmaya Rajaninath Gharekhan November 1991  Romania Aurel-Dragos Munteanu 1–21 December 1991  Soviet Union Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov 21–31 December 1991  Russia January 1992  United Kingdom David Hannay and John Major February 1992  United States Thomas R. Pickering March 1992  Venezuela Diego Arria April 1992  Zimbabwe Simbarashe Mumbengegwi and Stanislaus Garikai Chigwedere May 1992  Austria Peter Hohenfellner June 1992  Belgium Paul Noterdaeme July 1992  Cape Verde José Luís de Jesus August 1992  People's Republic of China Li Daoyu September 1992  Ecuador José Ayala Lasso October 1992  France Jean-Bernard Mérimée November 1992  Hungary Andre Erdos December 1992  India Chinmaya Rajaninath Gharekhan January 1993  Japan Yoshio Hatano February 1993  Morocco Ahmed Snoussi March 1993  New Zealand Terence Christopher O'Brien and Donald Charles McKinnon April 1993  Pakistan Jamsheed Marker May 1993  Russia Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov June 1993  Spain Juan Antonio Yáñez-Barnuevo July 1993  United Kingdom David Hannay and Mr. —— Richardson August 1993  United States Madeleine Albright September 1993  Venezuela Adolfo Taylhardat October 1993  Brazil Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg November 1993  Cape Verde  People's Republic of China José Luís de Jesus Li Zhaoxing December 1993  People's Republic of China Li Zhaoxing January 1994  Czech Republic Karel Kovanda February 1994  Djibouti Roble Olhaye March 1994  France Jean-Bernard Mérimée April 1994  New Zealand Colin Keating and Donald Charles McKinnon May 1994  Nigeria Ibrahim Gambari and Baba Gana Kingibe June 1994  Oman Salim Bin Mohammed Al-Kussaiby July 1994  Pakistan Jamsheed Marker August 1994  Russia Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov September 1994  Spain Juan Antonio Yáñez-Barnuevo and Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga October 1994  United Kingdom David Hannay November 1994  United States Madeleine Albright December 1994  Rwanda Manzi Bakuramutsa 1995–1999 Presidents from 1995 to 1999:[42] Dates State Name January 1995 [42] Dates State Name January 1995  Argentina Emilio Cárdenas February 1995  Botswana Joseph Legwaila and Mompati Merafhe March 1995  People's Republic of China Li Zhaoxing and Xuexian Wang April 1995  Czech Republic Karel Kovanda and Alexandr Vondra May 1995  France Jean-Bernard Mérimée June 1995  Germany Detlev Graf zu Rantzau July 1995  Honduras Gerardo Martinez Blanco and Delmer Urbizio Panting August 1995  Indonesia Nugroho Wisnumurti September 1995  Italy Francesco Paolo Fulci and Susanna Agnelli October 1995  Nigeria Ibrahim Gambari November 1995  Oman Salim bin Mohammed Al-Khussaiby December 1995  Russia Sergey Lavrov January 1996  United Kingdom John Weston February 1996  United States Madeleine Albright March 1996  Botswana Joseph Legwaila April 1996  Chile Juan Somavía May 1996  People's Republic of China Huasun Qin June 1996  Egypt Nabil Elaraby July 1996  France Alain Dejammet August 1996  Germany Antonius Eitel September 1996  Guinea-Bissau Alfredo Lopes Cabral October 1996  Honduras Delmer Urbizio Panting and Gerardo Martinez Blanco November 1996  Indonesia Nugroho Wisnumurti December 1996  Italy Francesco Paolo Fulci January 1997  Japan Hisashi Owada February 1997  Kenya Njuguna M. Mahugu March 1997  Poland Zbigniew M. Włosowicz April 1997  Portugal António Monteiro May 1997  South Korea Park Soo Gil and Chong Ha Yoo June 1997  Russia Sergey Lavrov July 1997  Sweden Peter Osvald and Lena Hjelm-Wallén August 1997  United Kingdom John Weston September 1997  United States William B. Richardson and Madeleine Albright October 1997  Chile Juan Somavía November 1997  People's Republic of China Huasun Qin December 1997  Costa Rica Fernando Berrocal Soto January 1998  France Alain Dejammet February 1998  Gabon Casimir Oyé-Mba and Denis Dangue Réwaka March 1998  Gambia Momodou Lamin Sedat Jobe and Abdoulie Momodou Sallah April 1998  Japan Hisashi Owada May 1998  Kenya Njuguna Mahugu and Bonaya Godana June 1998  Portugal António Monteiro and Jaime Gama July 1998  Russia Sergey Lavrov August 1998  Slovenia Danilo Türk September 1998  Sweden Lena Hjelm-Wallén and Hans Dalgren October 1998  United Kingdom Jeremy Greenstock November 1998  United States Peter Burleigh December 1998  Bahrain Jassim Mohammed Buallay January 1999  Brazil Celso Amorim February 1999  Canada Robert R. Fowler and Lloyd Axworthy March 1999  People's Republic of China Qin Huasun April 1999  France Alain Dejammet May 1999  Gabon Denis Dangue Réwaka June 1999  Gambia Baboucarr-Blaise Jagne July 1999  Malaysia Syed Hamid Albar and Agam Hasmy August 1999  Namibia Martin Andjaba and Theo-Ben Gurirab September 1999  Netherlands Peter van Walsum and Jozias van Aartsen October 1999  Russia Sergey Lavrov November 1999  Slovenia Danilo Türk and Boris Frlec December 1999  United Kingdom Jeremy Greenstock and Peter Hain 2000–2004 Presidents from 2000 to 2004:[19] Dates State Name January 2000  United States Al Gore, Richard Holbrooke, and Madeleine Albright February 2000  Argentina Arnoldo Manuel Listre and Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini March 2000 [19] Dates State Name January 2000  United States Al Gore, Richard Holbrooke, and Madeleine Albright February 2000  Argentina Arnoldo Manuel Listre and Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini March 2000  Bangladesh Anwarul Karim Chowdhury and Abdus Samad Azad April 2000  Canada Lloyd Axworthy and Robert Fowler May 2000  People's Republic of China Wang Yingfan June 2000  France Jean-David Levitte July 2000  Jamaica Patricia Durrant and Paul Robertson August 2000  Malaysia Agam Hasmy September 2000  Mali Moctar Ouane and Alpha Oumar Konaré October 2000  Namibia Martin Andjaba and Theo-Ben Gurirab November 2000  Netherlands Peter van Walsum, Jozias van Aartsen, and Eveline Herfkens December 2000  Russia Sergey Lavrov January 2001  Singapore Kishore Mahbubani and S. Jayakumar February 2001  Tunisia Said Ben Mustapha and Habib Ben Yahia March 2001  Ukraine Valeriy P. Kuchinsky, Volodymyr Yelchenko, and Anatoliy Zlenko April 2001  United Kingdom Jeremy Greenstock May 2001  United States James B. Cunningham June 2001  Bangladesh Anwarul Karim Chowdhury and Abdus Samad Azad July 2001  People's Republic of China Wang Yingfan August 2001  Colombia Guillermo Fernández de Soto and Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento September 2001  France Jean-David Levitte October 2001  Ireland Richard Ryan and Brian Cowen November 2001  Jamaica Patricia Durrant, P. J. Patterson, and Keith D. Knight December 2001  Mali Moctar Ouane January 2002  Mauritius Jagdish Koonjul and Anil Gayan February 2002  Mexico Adolfo Aguilar Zínser March 2002  Norway Ole Peter Kolby and Jan Petersen April 2002  Russia Sergey Lavrov May 2002  Singapore Kishore Mahbubani and S. Jayakumar June 2002  Syria Mikhail Wehbe and Farouk al-Sharaa July 2002  United Kingdom Jeremy Greenstock and Valerie Amos August 2002  United States John Negroponte and James B. Cunningham September 2002  Bulgaria Solomon Passy, Stefan Tafrov, Georgi Parvanov, and Rayko Strahilov Raytchev October 2002  Cameroon Martin Belinga Eboutou November 2002  People's Republic of China Zhang Yishan and Wang Yingfan December 2002  Colombia Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento and Carolina Barco January 2003  France Jean-Marc de La Sablière and Dominique de Villepin February 2003  Germany Gunter Pleuger and Joschka Fischer March 2003  Guinea François Lonseny Fall and Mamady Traore April 2003  Mexico Adolfo Aguilar Zínser and Luis Ernesto Derbez May 2003  Pakistan Munir Akram and Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri June 2003  Russia Sergey Lavrov July 2003  Spain Inocencio Arias, Ana Menendez, and Ana Palacio August 2003  Syria Mikhail Wehbe and Faisal Meqdad September 2003  United Kingdom Emyr Jones Parry and Jack Straw October 2003  United States John Negroponte and James B. Cunningham November 2003  Angola Gaspar Martins December 2003  Bulgaria Stefan Tafrov and Solomon Passy January 2004  Chile Heraldo Muñoz and Soledad Alvear February 2004  People's Republic of China Wang Guangya March 2004  France Jean-Marc de La Sablière and Pierre-André Wiltzer April 2004  Germany Gunter Pleuger and Kerstin Müller May 2004  Pakistan Munir Akram and Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri June 2004  Philippines Lauro L. Baja, Jr. and Delia Domingo-Albert July 2004  Romania Mihnea Motoc, Adrian Năstase, and Mircea Geoană August 2004  Russia Andrey Denisov September 2004  Spain Juan Antonio Yáñez-Barnuevo and Miguel Ángel Moratinos October 2004  United Kingdom Emyr Jones Parry, Bill Rammell, and